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            <h1 id="seo-header">linux基础</h1>
            
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                    本文最后更新于 2025年3月5日 下午
                  
                
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                <h1 id="linux-二级目录结构">linux 二级目录结构</h1>
<ul>
<li>/boot:存放Linux启动所需内核文件和镜像文件</li>
<li>/root:管理用户的主目录</li>
<li>/home:每一个用户都有自己的目录</li>
<li>/bin:存放最经常使用的命令</li>
<li>/dev:存放linux的外部设备</li>
<li>/etc:存放所有的系统管理所需要的配置文件和子目录
<ul>
<li>passwd:用户信息</li>
<li>shadow:用户密码(root)</li>
<li>group:用户组信息</li>
<li>gshadow:密码维护信息(root) # linux基本范式</li>
</ul></li>
<li>命令关键字</li>
<li>选项</li>
<li>命令参数 格式：命令关键字[选项][命令参数]</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>可以通过输入</strong></p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><code class="hljs shell">命令关键字 --help <br>//或者 help 命令关键字<br></code></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><strong>查看命令格式</strong></p>
<h1 id="目录命令">目录命令</h1>
<ul>
<li>pwd:打印当前工作目录</li>
<li>cd:
<ul>
<li>访问绝对路径：cd /home/.../dev</li>
<li>访问相对路径：cd dev</li>
<li>返回上一个所在目录：cd -</li>
<li>返回当前目录的父一级目录：cd ../</li>
<li>切换到用户家目录：cd ~</li>
</ul></li>
<li>ls[选项][目录路径]:
<ul>
<li>查看当前目录内容</li>
<li>l：长格式显示</li>
<li>a：显示所有内容（包括隐藏文件）</li>
<li>无选项：仅显示非隐藏文件</li>
</ul></li>
<li>mkdir [目录名]：新建目录</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="文件">文件</h1>
<h2 id="查看编辑">查看/编辑</h2>
<ul>
<li>vi/vim [文件名]：
<ul>
<li>文件存在-编辑文件</li>
<li>文件不存在-新建并编辑文件</li>
<li>vi编辑规则[[]]</li>
</ul></li>
<li>cat [文件路径]:查看文件所有信息（内容长度有限）</li>
<li>less [文件路径]: 分页查看文件内容</li>
<li>echo "内容" [命令] [文件名]：
<ul>
<li>命令：&gt; 清空文件并写入内容</li>
<li>命令：&gt;&gt; 追加写入内容</li>
</ul></li>
<li>cp[选项][源文件路径][目标文件路径]:
<ul>
<li>-a 保留复制前目录和文件的所有属性</li>
<li>-r 若给出的源文件是一个目录文件，复制该目录下的所有子目录和文件</li>
</ul></li>
<li>mv[选项][源文件][目标文件]：
<ul>
<li>-i 若指定文件夹有同名文件先询问是否覆盖</li>
<li>-f 直接覆盖已有的文件</li>
<li>在移动时可以进行重命名操作</li>
</ul></li>
<li>rm[选项][文件访问目录]：
<ul>
<li>-f 强制删除文件且不提示信息</li>
<li>-r 用于删除目录</li>
</ul></li>
<li>rmdir 文件访问路径：
<ul>
<li>仅删除空目录，有提示信息</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="权限">权限</h2>
<ul>
<li>用户身份：所有者，所属组，其他人</li>
<li>访问权限：可读，可写，可执行</li>
<li>权限编码：
<ul>
<li>第1个字母，文件类型</li>
<li>第2，3，4分别表示所有者的可读，可写，可执行文件</li>
<li>第5，6，7分别表示所属组的可读，可写，可执行文件</li>
<li>第8，9，10分别表示其他人的可读，可写，可执行文件</li>
</ul></li>
<li>sudo
<ul>
<li>路径：/ect/sudoers</li>
<li>root用户用visudo或vi /ect/sudoers修改可用sudo命令的用户</li>
<li></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="设置不同用户的权限">设置不同用户的权限</h2>
<ul>
<li>权限掩码
<ul>
<li>由三个数字组成</li>
<li>计算方式为6.6.6-x.x.x=y.y.y,分别转化为二进制表示三个用户身份的权限</li>
<li>对于文件来说现有存取权限最大为6，无执行权限</li>
<li>对于目录来说现有存取权限最大为7</li>
<li>用法：umask [-S][权限掩码]</li>
</ul></li>
<li>永久设置
<ul>
<li>修改.bash_profile文件</li>
</ul></li>
<li>chomd文件分配权限 <figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><code class="hljs shell">ll  参看文件权限<br>chmod  o=rwx  a1   将a1的其他人其他人权限设置为满权限  // 属主用u表示，属组用g表示<br>chmode o-x a1  在a1其他人权限中去掉可执行权限   //增加权限是用<br>chmod 747  a1   权限用数字表式<br>chmod o-x,u-x  a1   同时对属主和其他人做减权限<br>[root@localhost home]# chmod -R 777 . 给所有权限<br>chown root a1   将a1的属主改成root<br>chgrp root a1   将a1的属组改成root    chown :root   a1<br> chown root:root  a1   属主和属组一起改   chown a1.root  a1  //中间一个冒号和一个点都可以  chown .a1 a1 只改属组一个  a1下面的属性或目录没有改<br>chown -R  root:root  a1/  将a下面的文件或目录属主和属组全部改成root,-R表示递归修改<br></code></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li>
<li>chown [user][file]:
<ul>
<li>修改文件所有者</li>
</ul></li>
<li>chgrp [user][file]:
<ul>
<li>修改文件所属组</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<h1 id="设置快捷方式">设置快捷方式</h1>
<ul>
<li>创建文件xxx.desktop(一定要在Desktop文件夹或usr/share/application文件夹中)
<ul>
<li>通过vim写入设置 <figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><code class="hljs shell">[Desktop Entry]<br><span class="hljs-meta prompt_"></span><br><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash">程序名称</span><br>Name=<br><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash">描述信息</span><br>Comment=<br><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash">程序的执行命令(可执行文件路径)</span><br>Exec=<br><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash">快捷图标位置</span><br>Icon=<br><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash">是否在终端中运行</span><br>Terminal=<br><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash">desktop的类型,常见值有“Application”和“Link”。</span><br>Type=<br><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash">菜单所属分类</span><br>Categories=<br></code></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<h1 id="用户和用户组">用户和用户组</h1>
<ul>
<li>groupadd[选项][参数][组名]
<ul>
<li>-g 指定组的GID</li>
<li>-f 若指定组已经存在则以成功状态退出</li>
</ul></li>
<li>groupmod[选项][修改后的新参数]
<ul>
<li>-g 修改组GID</li>
<li>-n 修改组名称</li>
</ul></li>
<li>groupdel [待删除组的名称]</li>
<li>useradd</li>
<li>usermod</li>
<li>userdel</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="shell编程">shell编程</h1>
<h2 id="类型">类型</h2>
<ul>
<li>bash,zsh,csh,sh等</li>
<li>查看环境：cat /etc/shells</li>
</ul>
<p>自动补全命令，参数：双击tab 用<span
class="math inline">\(\uparrow\downarrow\)</span>查看历史命令 设置别名:
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><code class="hljs shell">vim ~/.bashrc<br><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash">添加命令</span><br>alias desktop=&#x27;cd /home/user/Desktop&#x27;<br><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash">更新设置</span><br>source ~/.bashrc<br></code></pre></td></tr></table></figure> 设置环境变量： <figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><code class="hljs shell">vim ~/.porfile<br><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash">添加命令</span><br>export PATH=$PATH:$Home/usr...<br><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">#</span><span class="language-bash">更新设置</span><br>source ~/.profile<br></code></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<h1 id="命令集合">命令集合</h1>
<p>ctrl+z:<strong>将一个正在前台执行的命令放在后台并暂停</strong>。</p>
<p>用jobs命令可将所有在后台运行的程序列出来。 fg + 进程号 打开进程</p>
<h1 id="查看ip端口">查看IP，端口</h1>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><code class="hljs bash">nmap 127.0.0.1<span class="hljs-comment"># 本地端口</span><br></code></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight bash"><figcaption><span>ubuntu</span></figcaption><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><code class="hljs bash">sudo ufw allow 1077<br></code></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

                
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